Stability of individualized neonatal parenteral nutrition admixtures with fish oil and high calcium content.

INTRODUCTION: the stability of total parenteral nutrition admixtures for neonates (TPNAn) has been questioned in relation to the interaction between calcium and fish oil emulsions. AIM: the aim of this study was to check the stability (particle size < 1 µm) of different individualized TPNAn prepared with fish-oil emulsion and containing calcium at concentrations ranging from 10 to 20 mmol/L. METHODS: admixtures analyzed: twelve different formulations with SMOFlipid® 20 % (conserved for 24 h and for 96 h), three formulations with Lipoplus® 20 % (conserved for 96 h) and three formulations with SMOFlipid® 20 % with Multi-12K1® Pediatric (conserved for 96 h). Two bags were compounded for each formulation and conservation period. Measurements on each admixture bag: particle standardized diameter by laser diffraction technique and pH by a calibrated pH-meter. Data analysis with mixed linear regression models. RESULTS: maximum particle size was < 0.8 µm for all investigated admixtures. Lipid concentration of 5 g/L and sodium and potassium concentration of 100 mmol/L slightly increased the proportion of particles > 0.6 µm. Ninety six hours storage also increased the percentage of particles > 0.6 µm (+0.143 ± 0.07; p = 0.038) but did not influence other parameters. No association with calcium composition was observed. Amino acid content was inversely correlated with pH (-0.83; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: the studied individualized parenteral nutrition admixtures for newborns that contain fish oil emulsions and meet cation requirements are stable for at least 96 hours.

Prenatal Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulator Therapy: A Promising Way to Change the Impact of Cystic Fibrosis.

INTRODUCTION: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a potentially severe disease. The development of new therapies with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators has been a great advance in the management of this condition because they improve the function of the faulty CFTR protein rather than palliate its consequences. CFTR modulator therapy improves pancreatic and lung function and, therefore, quality of life, with greater benefits the sooner treatment is started. For this reason, the use of these therapies is being approved for increasingly younger patients. Only two cases of pregnant women taking CFTR modulator therapy with CF fetuses have been reported, suggesting that it could resolve meconium ileus (MI) prenatally and delay/prevent other consequences of CF. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a healthy pregnant patient who underwent CFTR modulator therapy with elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor (ETI) in order to treat her fetus with CF (F508del homozygous CFTR mutation) and MI. Ultrasound findings suggestive of MI were observed at 24 weeks. Both parents were tested for CFTR mutations, and both were carriers of the F508del CFTR mutation. The fetus was diagnosed with CF by amniocentesis at 26+2 weeks. Maternal ETI therapy was initiated at 31+1 weeks, and no dilated bowel was observed at 39 weeks. There were no signs of bowel obstruction after birth. Maternal ETI treatment was continued during breastfeeding, with normal liver function. Immunoreactive trypsinogen in the newborn was 58.1 ng/mL, sweat chloride test was 80 mmol/L, and fecal elastase on the second day of life was 58 µg/g. CONCLUSION: Prenatal ETI treatment, as well as during breastfeeding, could solve, prevent, and/or delay CF complications.

Early Hypophosphatemia in High-Risk Preterm Infants: Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Glycerophosphate From First Day on Parenteral Nutrition.

BACKGROUND: Early hypophosphatemia is common in premature infants ≤1250 g. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and severity of hypophosphatemia after sodium glycerophosphate supplementation from first day of life in parenteral nutrition and to address the safety of this practice. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of infants ≤1250 g birth weight born in a tertiary-care level neonatal intensive care unit and supplied with sodium glycerophosphate from the first day of life. Primary outcome was the presence of hypophosphatemia (<4 mg/dL) on the first week. Data were compared with our 2014 prospective subcohort of infants ≤1250 g receiving phosphate after 48 hours of life and morbidity with that of our 2016 retrospective cohort of ≤1250 g. RESULTS: Fifty-four neonates were included. The frequency of hypophosphatemia was 29.6%. Only 1 patient presented hypophosphatemia <2 mg/dL. Mild hypokalemia was found in 8 patients (50%). No cases of hypernatremia were observed. Patients with hypophosphatemia had significantly lower gestational age (27.4 vs 28.8 weeks, P = .032) and lower z-score birth weight (-1.68 vs -0.47; P = .001). When compared with the 2014 subcohort, we found a lower frequency of hypophosphatemia (29.6% vs 69.2%; P = .008) and a lower rate of samples with hypophosphatemia (20.4% vs 51.4%; P = .0002) and critical hypophosphatemia (0.68% vs 11.4%, P = .0005). No differences were found in morbidity or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Sodium glycerophosphate supplementation in parenteral nutrition from the first day of life significantly decreased the frequency of hypophosphatemia. No adverse events were reported.

Hipofosforemia precoz en recién nacidos de riesgo. Frecuencia y magnitud / Early hypophosphataemia in at risk newborns. Frequency and magnitude

OBJETIVO: Conocer la frecuencia y la magnitud de la hipofosforemia neonatal (< 4 mg/dl) en una UCIN y definir los grupos de riesgo. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo en neonatos hospitalizados, en periodo de 44 meses (fase 1). Estudio retrospectivo en < 1.500 g/< 32 semanas de gestación en período posterior de 6 meses (fase 2). Estudio prospectivo en < 1.500 g o CIR con peso 1.500-2.000 g. Determinaciones en días 1, 3, 7 y 14 de vida (fase 3). RESULTADOS: Fase 1: 34 de 1.394 pacientes (2,4%) fueron diagnosticados de hipofosforemia, 76% de ellos ≤ 32 semanas de gestación y < 1.500 g, y 24% > 32 semanas con peso < P10. Fase 2: 12 de 73 pacientes (16,4%) fueron diagnosticados de hipofosforemia, 5 (6,8%) con hipofosofremia< 2mg/dl. De ellos 8 fueron CIR y 4 < 1.000 g. Cinco pacientes asociaron hipopotasemia y 3 hipercalcemia. Fase 3: 9 de 20 pacientes (45%) presentaron hipofosforemia, todos < 1.000 g o con peso al nacer < 1.200 g y percentil < 10. El 33% de las muestras de los días 1, 3 y 7 mostraron hipofosforemia, < 2 mg/dl en 4 muestras. Asociaron hipopotasemia leve 5 casos (55%) e hipercalcemia leve 2 (22%). La hipofosforemia se asoció a menor nutrición enteral y más aporte parenteral de aminoácidos en los primeros días. CONCLUSIONES: La hipofosforemia es frecuente y puede ser crítica en la primera semana en prematuros < 1.000 g y en los nacidos con desnutrición fetal y peso < 1.200 g que reciben aminoácidos en la nutrición parenteral precoz

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and magnitude of neonatal hypophosphataemia (< 4 mg/dL) in a neonatal Intensive Care Unit and to describe risk groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of hospitalised newborns over a 44 month period (phase 1). Retrospective study of < 1,500g /< 32 weeks of gestation newborns over a 6 month period (phase 2). Prospective study of < 1,500 g or 1,550-2,000 g, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) newborns. Measurements were made on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 14th days of life (phase 3). RESULTS: Phase 1: 34 (2.4%) of 1,394 patients had a diagnosis of hypophosphataemia, 76% of them ≤ 32 weeks of gestation and < 1500 grams, and 24% > 32 weeks with weight < P10. Phase 2: 12 (16.4%) of 73 patients had a diagnosis of hypophosphataemia, with < 2 mg/dL in 5 (6.8%). Eight (75%) of those with hypophosphataemia had IUGR, and 4 (25%) weighed < 1,000 g. Five cases had associated hypokalaemia, and three hypercalcaemia. Phase 3: 9 (45%) of 20 patients had hypophosphataemia, all of them < 1,000 g or < 1,200 g and weight percentile < 10. Thirty-three percent of samples on days 1, 3, and 7 showed hypophosphataemia, four of them < 2mg/dL. There was mild hypokalaemia in 5 (55%), and mild hypercalcaemia in 2 (22%) cases. Hypophosphataemia was associated with lower enteral nutrition and higher parenteral amino acid intake in the early days of life. CONCLUSIONS: Hypophosphataemia is common, and can be severe, in the first week of life in premature infants < 1,000 grams, and newborns < 1,200 g with foetal malnutrition and receiving amino acids in early parenteral nutrition

[Early hypophosphataemia in at risk newborns. Frequency and magnitude]. / Hipofosforemia precoz en recién nacidos de riesgo. Frecuencia y magnitud.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and magnitude of neonatal hypophosphataemia (<4mg/dL) in a neonatal Intensive Care Unit and to describe risk groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of hospitalised newborns over a 44 month period (phase 1). Retrospective study of <1,500g/<32 weeks of gestation newborns over a 6 month period (phase 2). Prospective study of <1,500g or 1,550-2,000g, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) newborns. Measurements were made on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 14th days of life (phase 3). RESULTS: Phase 1: 34 (2.4%) of 1,394 patients had a diagnosis of hypophosphataemia, 76% of them ≤32 weeks of gestation and <1500 grams, and 24% >32 weeks with weight

Recomendaciones para la asistencia respiratoria en el recién nacido (IV). Ventilación de alta frecuencia, ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT), oxigenador de membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) / Recommendations for respiratory support in the newborn (IV). High frequency ventilation, ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

Las recomendaciones incluidas en este documento forman parte de una revisión actualizada de la asistencia respiratoria en el recién nacido. Están estructuradas en 12 módulos, y en este trabajo se presenta el módulo 8. El contenido de cada módulo es el resultado del consenso de los miembros del Grupo Respiratorio y Surfactante de la Sociedad Española de Neonatología. Representan una síntesis de los trabajos publicados y de la experiencia clínica de cada uno de los miembros del grupo (AU)

The recommendations included in this document will be part a series of updated reviews of the literature on respiratory support in the newborn infant. These recommendations are structured into 12 modules, and in this work module 8 is presented. Each module is the result of a consensus process amongst all members of the Surfactant and Respiratory Group of the Spanish Society of Neonatology. They represent a summary of the published papers on each specific topic, as well as the clinical experience of each one of the members of the group (AU)

[Recommendations for respiratory support in the newborn (IV). High frequency ventilation, ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)]. / Recomendaciones para la asistencia respiratoria en el recién nacido (IV). Ventilación de alta frecuencia, ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT), oxigenador de membrana extracorpórea (ECMO).

The recommendations included in this document will be part a series of updated reviews of the literature on respiratory support in the newborn infant. These recommendations are structured into 12 modules, and in this work module 8 is presented. Each module is the result of a consensus process amongst all members of the Surfactant and Respiratory Group of the Spanish Society of Neonatology. They represent a summary of the published papers on each specific topic, as well as the clinical experience of each one of the members of the group.

Improving nutritional practices in premature infants can increase their growth velocity and the breastfeeding rates.

AIM: This study analysed the changes in growth velocity (GV) of preterm infants weighing <1500 g based on different nutritional practices over a 24-year period. METHODS: A retrospective study with prospectively collected data was performed in a level three Spanish neonatal intensive care unit. Data on birthweight, gestational age (GA) and GV were collected from 1990 to 2013 and breastfeeding data were gathered from 2000. A generalised linear model corrected by GA and small for gestational age was applied. Multiple mean comparisons between the levels of the variables of interest were performed using the Tukey test. RESULTS: We included 1651 children in the study. The average GA in 1990-1991 was 30.48 ± 2.89 and the average GA in 2012-2013 was 28.79 ± 2.58 (p < 0.01). Significant differences were found when we compared the adjusted GV between the first and last study periods. The most important differences appeared between 1990 and 2013, when the GV increased by 3.27 ± 0.5 g/kg/day (p < 0.01). The breastfeeding rate in 2000-2001 was 47.95% and in 2012-2013 it was 73.58% (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSION: Introducing nutritional practices such as the increased use of breastmilk and the breastfeeding rate improved GV over the study period.

Auditing of Monitoring and Respiratory Support Equipment in a Level III-C Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND: Random safety audits (RSAs) are a safety tool but have not been widely used in hospitals. OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of proper use of equipment safety mechanisms in relation to monitoring and mechanical ventilation by performing RSAs. The study also determined whether factors related to the patient, time period, or characteristics of the area of admission influenced how the device safety systems were used. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted in a level III-C Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) during 2012. 87 days were randomly selected. Appropriate overall use was defined when all evaluated variables were correctly programmed in the audited device. RESULTS: A total of 383 monitor and ventilator audits were performed. The Kappa coefficient of interobserver agreement was 0.93. The rate of appropriate overall use of the monitors and respiratory support equipment was 33.68%. Significant differences were found with improved usage during weekends, OR 1.85 (1.12-3.06, p = 0.01), and during the late shift (3 pm to 10 pm), OR 1.59 (1.03-2.4, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Equipment safety systems of monitors and ventilators are not properly used. To improve patient safety, we should identify which alarms are really needed and where the difficulties lie for the correct alarm programming.